“There were beasts in the forests of every kind, both the cow and the ox, and the ass and the horse, and the goat and the wild goat, and all manner of wild animals…”(1 Nephi 18:25). is a good candidate for the first 'graph, though I'd change "critics" to "most mainstream biologists " Don't want to get into a … Horses are not mentioned in the Book of Mormon after the time of Christ (3 Nephi 6:1). Photo by Justin Kerr, #1991 on MayaVase.com at http://research.famsi.org/kerrmaya_list.php?_allSearch=peccary&hold_search=&vase_number=&date_added=&ms_number=&site=&x=0&y=0 (accessed 4 April 2008 and used with permission); thanks to Mark Wright for alerting me to this photo. We should not automatically assume that the Nephites understood chariots as wheeled war machines. Possibly. All rights reserved. Posts Tagged ‘horses in the Book of Mormon’ False Prophecies of Mormonism. 26 http://www.studylight.org/enc/isb/view.cgi?number=T2606. Posts Tagged ‘horses in the Book of Mormon’ False Prophecies of Mormonism. Wade E. Miller and Matthew Roper, “Animals in the Book of Mormon: Challenges and Perspectives,” BYU Studies Quarterly 56, no. Posted in false gospel, false Mormon apostles, false priesthood, False Prophecies of Joseph Smith, False Prophecies of the Mormon Church, tagged Christianity, false doctrines of Mormonism, horses in the Book of Mormon, Jesus on 11/13/2012| Leave a Comment » Horses. 54 Hugh Nibley, Lehi in the Desert and the World of the Jaredites (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1980), 216-17. In fact, Book of Mormon horses are never mentioned in a combat narrative. 9 While “olive” is mentioned in the Book of Mormon figuratively (see Jacob 5), there is strong evidence that the author of Jacob 5 actually understood sophisticated olive horticulture—something not likely to have been familiar to Joseph Smith. This is called recontextualization. This implies that the Mesoamericans understood that wheels could be used to move a person.35, Anthropologist, Dr. John Sorenson notes that “when the Spaniards invaded Guatemala, they reported that the Quiche Indians used ‘military machines’ consisting of wooden platforms mounted on ‘little rollers’ to haul weapons around one battlefield to resupply their soldiers.”36, But if the wheel was known in ancient American (and it may not have been) why would its utilization disappear? The textual evidence for lions in Israel, for example, suggests that lions were present in Israel from ancient times until at least the sixteenth century AD, yet no lion remains from ancient Israel have ever been found.53, In the Bible we read that Abraham had camels while in Egypt, yet archaeologists used to believe that this was an anachronism because camels were supposedly unknown in Egypt until Greek and Roman times. In such cases the deer served as “horses.”25. Taken as a pup, one can easily tame it; it knows how to behave near the house; it goes to eat in the mountain and then returns to sleep near the house.”27, Tapirs were frequently eaten and, because of their strength, they may have been used as beasts of burden on a small scale. [Page 123] Review of Wade E. Miller, Science and the Book of Mormon: Cureloms, Cumoms, Horses & More (Laguna Niguel, California: KCT & Associates, 2010). The Bible, however, contains not only “river,” but descriptors such as “stream,” “creek,” and “brook”–none of which are in the Book of Mormon. Abstract: Anachronisms, or out of place items, have long been a subject of controversy with the Book of Mormon.Several Latter-day Saints … 59 John Clark during Q&A session following Dr. Clark’s presentation, “Archaeology, Relics, and Book of Mormon Belief,” 25 May 2004 at BYU; audio of Q&A in author’s possession. After defeating the Gadianton Robbers the Nephites returned to their homes–every man with his “flocks and his herds, his horses and his cattle” (3 Ne. 6:1). The English word “chariot” comes from Latin carrus, car, and is etymologically related to the verb to carry. There are five Hebrew words which translate as “chariot” in the KJV Bible. The topic of horses in the Book of Mormon’s depiction of the ancient New World is undoubtedly a controversial one. It is universally accepted among mainstream archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians that there is no evidence of the existence of a pre-Columbian horse, excepting the … Some horses eventually escaped and multiplied in the wild. Book of Mormon horses have long been somewhat enigmatic and a challenge not always overcome by members of the Church. We invite you to give back. 8 Benjamin McGuire, posted 3 April 2006 at http://www.mormonapologetics.org/index.php?s=&showtopic=14406&view=findpost&p=404018 (accessed 27 January 2008). Horses are mentioned only a few times in the book of Mormon, and always before the arrival of the Savior. And so archaeologists who find a horse bone and say, “Ah! 48 Ellen S. Spinden, “The Place of Tajin,” American Anthropologist 35:2 (April/June 1933): 253. Archaeologists, however, have found over one hundred examples of wheeled artifacts in the Americas. The primary definition for chariot seems to be a device to carry some sort of load. 56 Clay E. Ray, “Pre-Columbian Horses from Yucatan,” Journal of Mammalogy 38:2 (1957), 278. Some of these Hebrew words have other definitions such as a team, mill-stone, riders, troop of riders, pair of horseman, men riding, camel-riders, place to ride, riding seat, seat of a litter, saddle, portable couch, and human-born sedan chair. 15 http://www.worlddeer.org/elk.html, http://www.worlddeer.org/reddeer.html and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antelope (accessed 18 January 2008). Relevant to the issue of horses in the Book of Mormon is the linguistic confusion that the horse caused when the Spanish first arrived. Discussion of Christianity, religion, and faith in general is welcome. 5 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslatability (accessed 30 January 2008). Rather, they were known only to some peoples before the time of Christ in a few limited regions of the New World. That leaves 11 times that the Book of Mormon claims that horses existed in the New World. Horses are mentioned only on a few occasions in the Book of Mormon (the last mention is around the time of Christ): In this small handful of references, no text ever says that horses were ridden or used in battle. …horses and cattle, and flocks of every kind, that they might subsist for the space of seven years, in the which time they did hope to destroy the robbers from off the face of the land…. Regardless of what we have been told for so long, the true history of the horse in the Americas is a dimly lit moving target and the inal story is yet to be told. Science and the Book of Mormon: Cureloms, Cumoms, Horses & More eBook: Wade E. Miller: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store Mark Alan Wright (a Ph.D. candidate Mesoamerican Archaeology) notes, however, “any time deer are shown doing something ‘everybody knows they don’t do” then we slap it with a ‘mythological’ label. The mention of horses among domesticated animals kept by Why did horses become extinct in ancient America? The abundance and widespread distribution of horses in North America make the apparent disappearance of the group in this region prior to the advent of the white man an added and an unusual feature of their long and eventful career. Other than wheat, barley, and corn, and the generic term “tree” we find few plants in the Book of Mormon text. For instance, one recently discovered wheeled figure from the Americas is that of a man astride a platform with wheels. If small pockets of horses lived in pre-Columbian America, it is possible that they would leave little if any trace in the archaeological record. Mayan war palanquin on right with giant jaguar standing up in back. Once we recognize that words don’t always easily translate from one language to another, and once we understand that not all languages delineate categories in the same way as English-speaking people, we find that there are at least two possible resolutions to the “horse” problem in the Book of Mormon: (1) definitions were expanded to include new meanings and (2) horses were present but their remains have not been found. After 3 Nephi (26 AD) they are no longer mentioned at all. Dr. Seler explains that along with the dog, Xolotl’s role of lightning beast is shared by two other creatures in the codices: the tapir, and the jaguar. Relevant to the issue of horses in the Book of Mormon is the linguistic confusion that the horse caused when the Spanish first arrived. Maybe King Lamoni used a deer or tapir-drawn travois to cart his supplies while traveling. 1. http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/755/232555.JPG, 2. http://www.jqjacobs.net/photos/images/pleistocene_deskpicture.jpg, 3. http://www.ldskorea.net/gold_plates-000111.jpg, 4. http://www.glennbartley.com/naturephotography/articles/pics%20for%20costa%20rica%20travel%20journal/Week%204-5/White-nosed%20 Coatamundi-07.jpg, 5. http://www.chapala.com/chapala/guzman3.jpg, 6. http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/01shaman_riding_deer%202.jpg, 7. http://www.billybear4kids.com/animal/whose-toes/ Tapir1.jpg. The terms elk and robin were also applied to American animals by Europeans, even though they are used in reference to totally different species in the Old World. If we find such loan-shifting in verifiable New World sources when the Native Americans and the Spaniards encountered unfamiliar animals, why do some critics think it is impossible that the Nephites would have acted any differently when they encountered unfamiliar items or had to identify different items with a limited written vocabulary? Maybe he understood that at least some reformed Egyptian characters only approximated a concept. We know, for example, that the Norsemen probably … Still, several items mentioned in the Book of Mormon once considered anachronistic have since been verified.13 This is why John E. Clark, a Latter-day Saint and prominent Mesoamerican archaeologist, declared: “the Book of Mormon looks better with age.”14 Such findings should urge caution against making final judgments based on absence of evidence. Horses, scholars believe, were only reintroduced by Columbus to the Carribbean in 1493, and by Cortez to the continent over two decades later in 1819. It is likely that, on arrival, Nephi had the same problem as many others have historically when encountering new species in the Promised Land. Although hard evidence is available to consider, so far no incontrovertible proof of Book of Mormon horses exists—that is to say, physical remains conclusively dated to around 500 BC (and earlier) from supposed Book of Mormon lands in Mesoamerica are yet to be found. They are sometimes mentioned with chariots, but are never actually described as pulling them. He is also associated with war. Perhaps “preparing” the horses and chariots would be like “preparing the chicken and backpack.” To modern ears this doesn’t suggest that the chicken will carry the backpack but rather than a chicken meal will be prepared to go in the backpack. The The Book of Mormon, however, never says horses were ridden (a curious thing if Joseph was the author of the Book of Mormon) or that they pulled chariots. Some of the reported remains had disappeared, and some of the owners of the remains didn’t want FARMS taking them for dating purposes. 58 This story was told at the Q&A session following Dr. Sorenson’s presentation, “The Trajectory of Book of Mormon Studies,” 2 August 2007 at the 2007 FAIR Conference; audio and video in author’s possession. In fact, it is expected that authentic documents will give us new information about the past.3. When the Spaniards came to the New World in the early sixteenth century, they brought horses with them. 36 John L. Sorenson, Images of Ancient America: Visualizing Book of Mormon Life (Provo: FARMS, 1998), 9. Archaeologists have not found evidence of any horses and elephants that date to BOM times therefore the BOM is wrong. We believe when the Book of Mormon says horses, the prophets mean horses. According to Montague, the size of post-Columbian horses provides evidence that the European horses bred with early American horses.49, Non-LDS Canadian researcher, Yuri Kuchinsky, also believes that there were pre-Columbian horses. Dr. William Hamblin explains that “deer” were likely extinct in Egypt long before Lehi’s day and that there may not have been an Egyptian word for deer at the time of Nephi. Horses in the Book of Mormon. Three of them returned dates within Book of Mormon times.6 This evidence is still tentative, but provides increasing support for the presence of horses in America during pre-Columbian, post-Pleistocene times. Israelites often distinguished animals based on the type of foot and what the animal ate. Scientists say that the modern-day horse did not exist in the Americas during BOM times. The word “chariot” conjures up images of horse-drawn war vehicles. Justin Kerr, #196, on MayaVase.com at http://research.famsi.org/kerrmaya_list.php?_allSearch=peccary&hold_search=&vase_number=&date_added=&ms_number=&site=&x=0&y=0 (accessed 4 April 2008 and reproduced with permission). Why didn’t they simply use the Hebrew word for “deer”? “Thus,” writers Gardner, “there were three important elements of this complex which went into battle: king, litter, and battle beast. 3 Bill Hamblin, posted 19 May and 2006 at http://www.mormonapologetics.org/index.php?showtopic=15403&view=findpost&p=435084 and http://www.mormonapologetics.org/index.php?showtopic=15403&view=findpost&p=435635 (accessed 20 May 2006). It a year not to be missed! In other words, critics claim that the Book of Mormon is a fraud, since horses — mentioned in the Book of Mormon — couldn’t have lived here at the time of the Nephites. If the book is an ancient record, then is there a way to understand it's reference to horses that can fit with what we know? The Book of Mormon mentions that horses were known and used by the Jaredites and the people of Lehi. “There were beasts in the forests of every kind, both the cow and the ox, and the ass and the horse, and the goat and the wild goat, and all manner of wild animals, which were for the use of men.. . Why are the supernatural beings riding on the backs of deer, saddles and all? In fact, horses went extinct in the Americas thousands of years … As Mesoamerican ethnohistory specialist Brant Gardner has written, “the capture of the king’s litter is tantamount to the capture of the gods of that king.” The animal alter-ego of a god accompanied the king and conceptually represented the king and litter. The work is not yet complete, and when I spoke to Dr. Wade Miller–the scientist in charge of the project–he indicated that more work was yet to be done before they had conclusive results. In the Bible the Hebrew word for “horse” is sus and means “leaping,” but it can also refer to the rapid flight of swallows and cranes. . In Alma, for instance, we read that Ammon was “preparing” King Lamoni’s “horses and chariots” to conduct him to the land of Nephi (Alma 18:9-12). What was utterly without support in 1830 now has the benefit of … Scientists, historians, and other scholars have long maintained the view that there were no horses in the Americas during Book of Mormon times. . Notice the horse in this LDS depiction of the Stripling Warriors from the Book of Mormon. Additionally, the Book of Mormon never says that horses were ridden or used in battle. Dr. John Clark, director of the New World Archaeological Foundation has expressed similar concerns: The problem is archaeologists get in the same hole that everybody else gets in.
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