The Committee have been specifically asked to cover universities, colleges of advanced technology and teacher training colleges, (central institutions and colleges of education in Scotland). 28. The Schools of Education would receive finance through the grants committee system. The University of London and the University of Wales (Para. It could aid such consideration by remitting an analysis of the points at issue and its opinions on them to the full Committee and, if necessary, through it to the universities. The Committee does not intend to deal with questions that affect only one institution.] 801. Much more radical is the proposal that there should be a Secretary of State for Education who would assume responsibility both for the Grants Commission and for those functions at present exercised by the Minister of Education. Local authorities should recognise well in advance that universities need ample sites for expansion. Proportion of graduates among, 98, 523. TEACHERS 495. known that in mathematics the creative period is usually very early and that in the physical sciences it is often earlier than in the biological. 761. 281.) has not been faced in many of our universities. 392, 393.) 367.) These figures involve what to many will seem a startling increase in numbers, and we must therefore repeat that they make no allowance for any relaxation in the standards required to gain places: if there are 507,000 places in 1980 this will make provision only for students not one whit less eligible in terms of school leaving attainments than those being admitted today. Sectors of post-school education1.1-6 Pre-clinical medicine is used to cover the pre-clinical study of all medical subjects and clinical medicine the clinical study of all medical subjects. 736. But, in present conditions, when the great majority of students resident in Great Britain can obtain a grant, the old arguments seem no longer to apply. INSTITUTIONAL FREEDOM The committees set up by the Commission would be responsible for much of the appraisal and visitation of the institutions or faculties coming under their auspices and for formulating proposals regarding claims for finance. Our recommendation regarding the development of the Special Institutions for Scientific and Technological Education and Research is a case in point. UNIVERSITIES (SCOTLAND) ACT, 1889, 58, 688-690. 792. Science The system in the Soviet Union exemplifies an alternative method of achieving a varied pattern of institutions. The Council for National Academic Awards, with its powers to approve courses and to sanction examinations for degrees, will be in a position at once to promote uniformity of standards in advanced work and to give encouragement to institutions providing it. [page 216] 647.) Society of Chemical Industry It is easier to add than to take away, It is difficult to reach agreement 610. Although the change that we are proposing involves a transfer of administrative responsibility from the local education authorities to the universities, we fully recognise the continuing interest of the former in the colleges both as institutions of higher education in their areas and as the suppliers of many of the teachers whom the authorities employ. AWARDS (Para. POSTGRADUATE STUDY Unless it is given, we fear the universities may well have some inhibitions in facing the difficulties of a situation for which they have not been enabled to equip themselves in advance. Their numbers are so great as to make it certain that those qualified and wanting to enter higher education will far outnumber the places that, on present plans, will be available for them: institutions will suddenly be faced with pressures almost different in kind from those that they have faced hitherto. 19. Most of the more recent vacancies have been due to retirements. In other academic subjects, apart from arrangements made between individual teachers, there is sometimes little collaboration between university and college departments. M. V. C. Jeffreys, Sir Douglas Logan, Dr. Kathleen Ollerenshaw, Miss B. Paston Brown, Mr. A. D. C. Peterson, Sir Leslie Rowan, Dr. J. E. Salmon. They argued that many schools were inadequately staffed to prepare young people going into the universities to study science or technology. Organisation While we would not wish to recommend a slavish imitation of the American graduate school, we recommend that the kind of training by formal instruction and seminars provided in the best graduate schools of the United States should be provided for research students in this country. The Council should award honours and pass degrees to students in Regional and Area Colleges and their Scottish counterparts taking appropriate courses in science, technology and other subjects. Many institutions, notably the Area Colleges and many of the Regional Colleges, will continue to be administered by local authorities. The idea that it can be sensibly discharged by a democratic committee or by someone elected 'democratically' is remote from reality. Qualified school leavers5.1 696.) 476.) 819.) Thirdly, it would tend to encourage a sense of common purpose between all engaged in various parts of the system. (Para. Senates, 662, 666, 668-670, 673-674, 677, 696. ), 518. This requires an assessment on stated assumptions of the numbers of eligible students and of the number who wish to attend courses. The investigations of the Hale Committee into the use made by students of the summer vacation have shown that, in general, little work is done that is strictly relevant to the courses being pursued and that, on their return to the university, a substantial proportion of undergraduates are subjected to no kind of check or inquiry as to whether they have used the vacation for any purpose connected with their studies. (v) reallocation of functions between existing institutions or institutions still to be created? We think this system has worked well in practice and is one of the influences that have brought the work in the Colleges of Advanced Technology to its present high standard. Sandwich courses3.1 CHAPTER XVI [page 211] (Para. Teachers in institutions of higher education and in the schools should collaborate in the revision of school syllabuses and textbooks. But, for the remainder that demands new foundations, having regard to the decisions of the last few years, we wish to emphasise the claims of the great centres of population, Conference of Lecturers in Religious Education Trades Union Congress THE CRISIS IMMEDIATELY AHEAD In higher education as a whole the total shortage in 1966/1 will be 20,000 places and in 1967/8 25,000 places. 508.) Submission of constitutional changes to Parliament, 691. Universities, 15, 56, 216, 687, 702, 728-731, 750-751, 817-819. The various alternatives are clearly set out; and it is with reluctance that I find it necessary to indicate the main reasons why I have not found myself in entire agreement with the recommendations. Admission of students, 714-716. We accept the principle that, once institutions have become almost wholly preoccupied with advanced education and research and recruit on a national basis, they are most likely to perform these functions efficiently if they are allowed as far as possible to govern themselves and develop their own policies. 833. †A description of the amount of teaching, supervision and guidance received by postgraduates, and the forms this takes, will be found in Appendix Two (B), Part IV. Associations of teachers should be consulted and recommendations published from time to time. If in spite of all this we do not feel able to recommend the proposals outlined above, it is because we think that an organisation based on the present administrative structure does not - and cannot - go far enough. They also need constant practice and adequate training in the art of communication, both oral and written. But by 1980/1 we recommend that 346,000 out of the total of 558,000 places should have been provided in universities. The ultimate governing bodies are the Court and the Council. On the one hand the increasing public demand for more higher education has involved increasing subventions by way of direct subsidy, and might in any event have led to a diminishing proportion We do not feel able to estimate the number of Training College students who might attempt degree courses if the facilities were available. The main form of teaching (except in art) is by lecture, but even lectures had an average attendance of only 14.4 (16.1 in Colleges of Advanced Technology). They often provide an essential lubricant in temporary difficulties: and in a time of rapid expansion they may be of very great value in enabling institutions to go forward with confidence and at an increased pace. 422.) *On the projection of the future number of part-time students in Appendix One, the total of part-time students in higher education will rise from 110,000 in 1962/3 to 195,000 in 1973/4, with a small rise thereafter (see Part IV, Section 9 of the Appendix). (See MANPOWER, QUALIFIED) The great expansion of higher education that has taken place provides for only a third of those who have successfully completed secondary education, although further expansion and the smaller size of the age groups may lessen the degree of competition for places in future. The high proportion of resident students in the Training Colleges in England and Wales is at least partly explained by the fact that many of the colleges are in rural or semi-rural settings and in areas where lodgings would not be available. We outline a parallel code for other institutions. 399.) Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions And once one passes beyond tests of this kind and examines for specific knowledge or aptitudes, the influence of education and environment becomes more and more important. System of higher education in, 102- 130 passim. CHAPTER V [page 68] The Court is a general supervisory body; it is normally large and of predominantly lay membership. Chapter VI has shown, if demonstration were needed, how much future developments in higher education depend on what happens in the schools. Professor H. R. Trevor-Roper Specialised courses are not necessarily more difficult than courses with a wider coverage: indeed the contrary may easily be true. 239.) Loughborough College of Technology, The Principal, Vice-Principal, and Heads of Departments Returns1961/2 719. Even if the Report is adopted in full, and vigorous, immediate and sustained action is forthcoming, there will still be a very competitive situation in the university sector as far ahead as we can see. 830. University of Glasgow TRAINING COLLEGES CLEARING HOUSE, 155, 227, 825. In short we think there is no risk that within the next twenty years the growth in the proportion of young people with qualifications and aptitudes suitable for entry to higher education will be restrained by a shortage of potential ability. In 1961/2 the total number of home students attending postgraduate courses of instruction in science and technology in the universities and Colleges of Advanced Technology was under 1,000. 225.) 744.) 601. 118. The work of the Universities Central Council on Admissions should cover applicants to all universities and the Colleges of Advanced Technology. Royal Society This is essentially a field in which it is impossible to form appropriate conceptions if a sense of quantitative perspective is lacking: and the information on which such a perspective must be based is so extensive that it requires expert analysis.    England and Wales1962/3 Present undergraduate numbers, 67-68. The Regional Colleges have fewer students taking these courses. Even if the Report is adopted in full, and vigorous, immediate and sustained action is forthcoming, there will still be a very competitive situation in the university sector as far ahead as we can see. But this in no way implies unawareness of the need for full and effective co-ordination of policy throughout the whole field of education: it implies indeed an active concern therewith. Here we will only say that the estimates we are about to present, though made on what we believe to be the best possible basis, will need to be subjected to continual re-examination. The authorised plans for the universities are designed to allow for 150,000 places by 1966/7 and 170,000 places in 1973/4. COUNCIL FOR NATIONAL ACADEMIC AWARDS, 433-434. 6.6 Skilled manual (R.G. impossible in the nature of things that they should be able to assume similar responsibilities for yet other institutions of higher education. (Para. The Chancellor of the Exchequer (Para. The national needs of the autonomous bodies would be ill co-ordinated by regional bodies independent of each other; and the administrative devices suitable to the control of such bodies would be needlessly multiplied. There are three further related arguments of some importance. New types of institution may establish themselves in time, but they have a difficult road, and universities as such continue to be regarded as sharply distinguished from them. Here more than academic arrangements are involved, because the student will need an extension of his grant, and hence the expenditure of additional public money. was a common and often an essential preliminary which had to be completed before specialised study could be attempted. †To which should be added some 2,000 places for the Technical Training Colleges referred to in Chapter IV, paragraph 72. Managerial and other professional occupations6.4 Table 34 shows the initial occupations taken by graduates. Regional Advisory Council for the Organisation of Further Education in the East Midlands Table 54 distinguishes between expenditure on universities, teacher training and further education. DIPLOMA OF EDUCATION (SCOTLAND), 372. *In Scottish universities the Court, a small body of predominantly lay membership, is both the supreme governing body and the executive body. (See HIGHER EDUCATION IN PARTICULAR SUBJECTS) 282. They are subject to a considerable degree of uncertainty and this increases the further they are projected into the future. In technology and in social studies, both fields normally outside school curricula, it is usual for university study to begin on a broad front and for the choice of special subject to be made only after a year of general study has been completed: here the need for flexibility is obvious. 697. SCOTTISH COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN EDUCATION, 232. We consider that, in general, their future should lie in a gradual enlargement of scope and subjects covered, so that they expand their teaching of general subjects while retaining high standards in their specialisms. There is a strong educational case for courses of this kind. But we suspect that some kind of standing committee may be found to be appropriate. The public and the Government, for their part, will be required to make a more serious estimate of the comparative value of higher education than ever before. Most of the expansion in Colleges of Education and further education should be achieved in existing institutions. 594.) In England and Wales this includes, in addition to the institutions discussed in Chapter IV, Farm Institutes (agricultural institutes). Social contacts with teachers, 585- 586. (i) How adequate are the opportunities for potentially qualified students? In this chapter we shall consider the principles on which plans for the future should be based and shall make recommendations for the scale on which full-time places should be provided in the years up to 1980. There should be about 145,000 places for intending teachers in Colleges of Education in 1980/1. It encourages a valuable give-and-take. But if no further steps are taken, the situation will thereafter be irretrievable, for universities take long to establish. While degrees are not appropriate to mark achievement in executive subjects, there are aspects of art, as of music, for which degrees are quite appropriately given. Technical training colleges, 72, 343, 814. 704. 19. (1912). The regional controlling bodies would have to be constituted ad hoc - they would correspond to nothing in the existing structure of local government - and this in itself and the necessary co-ordination of their activities would create special financial problems. In relation to national income, present expenditure on higher education in the countries we visited is sometimes higher than in Great Britain. Mr. N. J. Arnold (See also STUDENTS) Co-operative Union Limited, Education Executive 18. They should receive guidance on how to use the vacations and should be required to give evidence that the time has been profitably spent. Clearly the Committee will no longer be able to conduct its business as it does at present. (See also STAFFING, STUDENTS, TEACHERS) [page 170] We have given serious attention to these proposals and are in sympathy with many of the educational objectives they are designed to achieve. The colleges should set up boards of studies for each of the subjects in which degree level work is established. These developments should enable teachers to be deployed to better advantage. leaving. (Para. 92. in Scotland1962 Methods of teaching, 264, 276, 305, 565-572. Student/staff ratios In technology, for example, courses of up to one year's duration for those who, having had outside experience wish to qualify themselves in some new specialised field or new technique, have already proved of great value. Provided that there is a selective development of centres for postgraduate work, we have no fear that the advancement of knowledge will suffer by too wide a dispersion of talent. would it be suitable for it to be the responsibility of a minister without portfolio. The federal principle and other forms of association 696.) For, conspicuous as are the standards of the London degree and great as are the pains taken to make it of general value, it is impossible for it to suit equally all the different types of environment in which work for it is done. Except in France, these courses are normally of longer duration than corresponding British courses. It remains a real one. On the other hand, In general, in the humanities periods of production come much later than in the sciences. It has been suggested that the appropriate solution would be for Oxford and Cambridge to transform themselves into postgraduate institutions. This is an immediate problem. University of London Institute of Education, Students' Association SUMMARY OF THE REPORT *It is described in some detail in Appendix Three, Part III. In these annexes will be found a description of population coverage, sampling frame, sample design, non-response, interview and questionnaire procedure, guidance on sampling errors, any information on accuracy, and so on. For the benefit of future research workers we hope in due course to deposit sets of the full survey tables and other data in the places listed in paragraph 19 in connexion with the depositing of memoranda of evidence. The Commission should set up standing committees to deal with areas of study and ad hoc committees to deal with topics of current interest. 746.) We believe that, thus reconstituted, the Committee can provide not only machinery which inspires confidence within the universities and, through its standing committee and sub-committees, a valuable instrument for the investigation of university problems, but also an effective agency for the discussion and resolution of problems referred to the universities by those concerned with other parts of the educational system. We are not urging greater breadth in order to temper the wind to the shorn lambs. Future number of places needed in, 167-171, 178-181, 455-457, 494, 831. (Para. [page 152] They exclude 'occasional' students and those classified in the University Grants Committee Returns as taking courses 'not of a university standard'. Our terms of reference embraced the whole pattern of higher education and many of those who submitted written evidence wrote about a single corner of the higher education field, or even a single aspect of work in that part of the field. Education in individual techniques is provided at the undergraduate level, but this is not specifically directed to management. Second we would place the regular and systematic setting and returning of written work, as providing the student with a focus of attention in arranging his studies. Committee of Directors of Research Associations Judged on grounds of output of qualified persons, the comparison is not unfavourable: the United States of America and the Soviet Union apart, we stand very high on the list. Methods of study3.1-3 Inquiries were addressed through the Ministry of Education to Colleges of Advanced Technology and Regional Colleges. Henceforward, in all but exceptional cases, a student will be able to prepare himself for admission to one university with the assurance that, if he fails to find a place there, the subjects he has studied will be equally acceptable in a similar faculty elsewhere. We have shown in Chapter VI that family background is a powerful influence in determining a child's educational career; thus it might easily come about that the life of the community was impoverished for many years to come. Mr. A. Keynes leaving. But in the United States the proportion of the working population so educated (about 9 per cent†) is already as high or higher than the figures quoted in paragraph 183. 550.) The results of these various calculations appear in Table 28, which shows the minimum number of home students in all forms of full-time higher education for whom it is necessary to plan. Association of County Councils in Scotland Moreover, many of the full-time courses of degree level have been only recently introduced, and a new course requires a certain number of teachers to start it. We have shown in Chapter VI that family background is a powerful influence in determining a child's educational career; thus it might easily come about that the life of the community was impoverished for many years to come. Technology was accepted into British universities during the nineteenth century. NATIONAL COLLEGES, 92, 97, 442. 603. Table 54 distinguishes between expenditure on universities, teacher training and further education. it is possible that the percentage of students requiring residence in the colleges may tend to fall. 367.) 307.) To ensure efficient use of staff and expensive equipment, and to serve the interests of students at different levels, a single institution may have to provide a greater variety in courses of study than elsewhere. 777. 381, 462, 520, 526. (paras. Organisations We think it improbable that any university founded within the next few years could accommodate more than 5,000 students by 1980, and we are convinced that between them they are unlikely to provide more than about 30,000 places at that date. We shall discuss later a means whereby the advanced work done in these colleges may be related to that in the autonomous institutions. The strong industrial representation is valuable, particularly when it is possible to secure as members those who are distinguished in professional as well as in managerial capacities. teacher and student is also a factor in the failure of some students to obtain the qualification for which they are studying. There are examples of this type of analysis throughout the appendices. But the question is whether new kinds of institution should be founded specifically to carry out such experiments. University graduates in arts and science who are training as teachers should normally take the course for the university Diploma in Education. We are impressed by the evidence that students do little written work during the term and get too little detailed criticism of what they do submit. 727. (Para. We have recommended the eventual promotion of further institutions to university status and emphasised the desirability of experiment. These have been divided into larger civic (those separate universities shown in Table 9 with more than 2,000 students) and smaller civic (the remainder). 545.) 672. 272.) Most departments have only one professor, and a single professor - even if supported by a reader and junior staff - cannot attempt to cover the whole of the appropriate field. We regard the difficulties to which we have drawn attention as comparable in kind with the difficulties which confronted the educational system at the end of the war. As the analysis in Appendix Three shows, the expansion need not of itself cause a deterioration in school staffing. Humanities, 66, 287, 298, 303, 504- 509. Some of these courses have been in existence for upwards of fifteen years, but many are more recent. It is said that it may be detrimental to the universities, or that it may fail to meet the full range of national needs for educated manpower. The second criticism directed at first degree courses is that they are not suitable for many who are now taking them. Admissions indicate the degree of opportunity open to students: they do not show the effectiveness of the different systems in producing results.
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